UNDERSTANDING SOCIOLOGY

  TRIBAL ECONOMY   Economic process cannot be interpreted without culture.   An economic system is an organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods.   Karl Polanyi an economic historian had identified three different modes of exchange.   RECIPROCITY REDISTRIBUTION MARKET EXCHANGE   The primitive society have passed through several stages of economic development everywhere in the world. The tribes living in the forests and hills usually earn their livelihood by means of food gathering, hunting and fishing: Kadar from Kerala, Birhor and Kharia from Bihar and other states.   Tribes only dependent on hunting: Naga, Kuki, Bhil, Santhal and Gond.   The tribes living near rivers and seas usually earn their livelihood by catching fish   Tribes involved in cattle rearing: Goojars and tribes of Chamba, Todas of Nilgiri Mountains   Tribes involved in cultivation: Santhal, Gonds, Kamars etc . (basic...

KINSHIP   ü   In all societies people are bound together in groups by various kinds of bonds ü   The most universal and most basic of these bonds is that which is based on reproduction, an inherent human drive is called KINSHIP . ü   The desire for reproduction gives rise to two kind of bonds:      AFFINAL KINSHIP :                         The bond between spouses and their relatives on either side The kind of bond which arises out of a socially or legally defined marital relationship The affinal kins are not connected to each other through blood. CONSANGUINEOUS KINS :         The relationship based on blood ties is called consanguineous    (same blood) kinship.                                                      ...

  Gender ROLES AND DIVISION OF LABOUR ü   Gender roles can be conceptualized as behavioral expectations based on biological sex. ü   Traditionally for men to be masculine, they are expected to display attributes such as strong power and competitiveness and less openly display emotions and affection (especially towards men) ü   The traditional view of the feminine gender role prescribes that women should behave in ways that are nurturing. ü   One way that a woman might engage in the traditional gender role would be to nurture her family by working full time within the home rather than taking employment outside of the home. ü   According to Caroline Moser women are subjected to triple burden in most of the developing countries. They perform three types of roles i.e. REPRODUCTIVE PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITY MANAGING AND COMMUNITY POLITICS ü   Reproductive roles played by women include child bearing, child rearing, taking care of elders in t...